1. Introduction to C Programming
- History and Features of C
- Structure of a C Program
- Writing, Compiling, and Executing C Programs
- Basic Syntax and Data Types
- Variables and Constants
2. Operators and Expressions
- Arithmetic, Relational, Logical, and Bitwise Operators
- Assignment Operators
- Increment and Decrement Operators
- Conditional (Ternary) Operator
- Operator Precedence and Associativity
- Expressions
3. Input and Output
- printf() and scanf() Functions
- Working with getchar(), putchar(), gets(), and puts()
- Formatting Input and Output
4. Control Structures
- Decision Making: if, if-else, else-if ladder, switch
- Loops: for, while, do-while
- Nested Loops
- Jump Statements: break, continue, goto
5. Functions
- Defining and Calling Functions
- Function Arguments and Return Values
- Scope of Variables (Local and Global)
- Passing Arguments: Call by Value and Call by Reference
- Recursion
6. Arrays and Strings
- One-Dimensional and Multi-Dimensional Arrays
- String Handling in C
- String Functions (strlen(), strcpy(), strcmp(), etc.)
7. Pointers
- Introduction to Pointers
- Pointer Arithmetic
- Pointers and Arrays
- Pointers to Functions
- Dynamic Memory Allocation: malloc(), calloc(), free(), realloc()
8. Structures and Unions
- Defining Structures
- Accessing Members of a Structure
- Arrays of Structures
- Nested Structures
- Structure Pointers
- Unions and Differences with Structures
9. File Handling
- Opening, Closing, and Creating Files
- File I/O (fopen(), fclose(), fread(), fwrite())
- Reading from and Writing to Files
- File Operations: fseek(), ftell(), rewind()
- Error Handling in File Operations
C language notes(demo)
- C is a procedural programming language. It was initially developed by Dennis Ritchie in the year 1972. It was mainly developed as a system programming language to write an operating system.
- C is a high-leval-language (HLL) it enables a programmer to write programs that are more or less independent of a particular type of computer. Such languages are considered high-level because they are closer to human languages and further from machine languages. In contrast, assembly languages are considered low-level because they are very close to machine languages.
- Features of high level language
- High-level languages are easy to learn.
- High level languages are near to human languages.
- Programs in high-level languages are slow in execution.
- Programs in high-level languages are easy to modify.
- High-level languages do not provide much facility at hardware level.
- Knowledge of hardware is not required to write programs.
- Ultimately, programs written in a high-level language must be translated into machine language by a compiler or interpreter.
Difference between Low-Level & High-Level Language
| High level language | Low level language |
| High-level languages are easy to learn. | Low-level languages are difficult to learn. |
| High level languages are near to human languages. | Low-level languages are far from human languages. |
| Programs in high-level languages are slow in execution. | Programs in low-level languages are fast in execution. |
| Programs in high-level languages are easy to modify. | Programs in low-level languages are difficult to modify. |
| High-level languages do not provide much facility at hardware level. | Low-level languages provide facility to write programs at hardware level. |
| Knowledge of hardware is not required to write programs. | Deep knowledge of hardware is required to write programs. |
What is Machine level language?
Machine language is the lowest level programming language. Machine level language are the only languages understood by computers. It is almost impossible for humans to use because they consist entirely of numbers. Programmer’s therefore use the high level programming language or an assembly language. Programmers written in high level languages are translated into assembly language or machine language by a compiler. Assembly language programs are translated into machine language by a program called an assembler.
Limitations of low level language or machine level language
- Low-level languages are difficult to learn.
- Low-level languages are far from human languages.
- Programs in low-level languages are difficult to modify.
- Deep knowledge of hardware is required to write programs.
- The programmer has to remember a lot of codes to write a program which result in program errors
- It is difficult to debug the program.
Difference between Machine-Level & Assembly Language
| Machine-Level | Assembly Language |
| It is a first generation language. | It is a second generation language. |
| It is difficult to learn compare to assembly | It is easy to learn compare to machine level |
| It is difficult for human to understand. | It is easy for human to understand. |
| The readability of Machine Language is less as compared to Assembly Language because it is written in the form of binary code which normal human being cannot understand. | The readability of Assembly Language is very high as it is written in English |
| Machine Language varies from platform. Different platform have different machine language code. | The Assembly Language is platform dependent and so at the present time most programs are written in third generation language. |
| Machine Language cannot be changes easily and it does not support modification. | Assembly Language is easily Modifiable and its support changes. |
| The risk of existence of error is high in Machine Language. | The risk of occurrence of error is reduced in Assembly Language. |
| In case of Machine Language there is no need of compiler or interpreter | In case of Assembly Language interpreter is needed which is knows as assembler |
What is Compiler
A compiler is a piece of code that translates the high level language into machine language. When a user writes a code in a high level language such as C or C++ and wants it to execute, a specific compiler which is designed for C or C++ is used before it will be executed. The compiler scans the entire program first and then translates it into machine code which will be executed by the computer processor and the corresponding tasks will be performed.
Shown in the figure is basic outline of the compilation process, here program written in higher level language is known as source program and the converted one is called object program.
What is Interpreter?………………………………………..
For more detail
⬇️
