C++ Syllabus

1. Introduction to C++

Evolution and History of C++
Features of C++
Structure of a C++ Program
Compiling and Executing C++ Programs
Difference Between C and C++

2. C++ Basics

Data Types, Variables, and Constants
Input and Output (cin, cout)
Operators and Expressions
Control Structures: if, else, switch, for, while, do-while
Typecasting
Scope and Lifetime of Variables

3. Functions in C++

Function Prototypes
Inline Functions
Function Overloading
Default Arguments
Pass by Value, Pass by Reference
Recursion

4. Object-Oriented Programming Concepts

Overview of Object-Oriented Programming (OOP)
Classes and Objects
Access Specifiers: Public, Private, and Protected
Defining Member Functions
Constructors and Destructors
this Pointer

5. Inheritance

Types of Inheritance (Single, Multiple, Multilevel, Hierarchical, Hybrid)
Base and Derived Classes
protected Access Modifier
Constructor and Destructor in Inheritance
Function Overriding

6. Polymorphism

Compile-Time Polymorphism: Function Overloading, Operator Overloading
Run-Time Polymorphism: Virtual Functions
Abstract Classes and Pure Virtual Functions

7. Dynamic Memory Management

Memory Allocation (new and delete)
Dynamic Arrays
Pointers and Pointers to Objects
this Pointer
const Keyword

8. Friend Function and Friend Classes

Concept of Friend Function
Using Friend Function and Friend Classes
Friend Function in Inheritance

9. Operator Overloading

Need for Operator Overloading
Unary and Binary Operator Overloading
Overloading Using Member Function and Friend Function
Overloading Special Operators (Increment/Decrement, Assignment, etc.)

10. Templates

Introduction to Templates
Function Templates
Class Templates
Template Specialization

11. Exception Handling

Introduction to Exception Handling
Try, Catch, and Throw Keywords
Standard Exceptions
User-Defined Exceptions

12. Input and Output in C++

Streams in C++
Working with cin, cout
File Handling: Reading from and Writing to Files
File Streams (ifstream, ofstream, fstream)

C++ Notes (Demo)

What is object-oriented programming (OOP) system?
OOP does not allow the data to flow freely around the system.
OOP allows decomposition of a problem into a number of entities called objects.
OOP builds data and functions around the objects.
Data is hidden and cannot be accessed by external function.
Objects may communicate with each other through function.
OOP can be define as – “Object-oriented programming as an approach that provides a way of modularizing programs by creating partitioned memory area for both data and functions that can be used as templates for creating copies of such modules on demand”.

Write the features of object-oriented programming?
Emphasis is on data rather than procedure.
Programs are divided into what is known as objects.
Data structure is designed such that they characterize the objects.
Functions that operate on the data of an object are tied together in the data structure.
Data is hidden and cannot be accessed by the external functions.
Objects may communicate with each other through functions.
New data and functions can be easily added whenever necessary.
Follow bottom-up approach in program design.
Difference between c and C++? (2013)

C	C++
C is a proper subset of C++	C++ is a proper superset or C.
C compiler cannot compile the programs written in C++.	C++ compiler can compile the programs written in C.
C program files have the extension ‘.C’.	C++ program file have the extension ‘.Cpp’.
C is a POP language.	C++ is an OOP language.
C language follows top-down approach.	C++ language follows bottom-up approach.
Variables cannot be declared anywhere in C language.	Variable can be declared anywhere in the C++ language.
It emphasis on procedure.	It emphasis on data.
Large programs are divided into smaller programs known as functions.	Programs are divided into what is known as objects.
Does not provide the mechanism of data hiding.	Provides the mechanism of data hiding.

Explain insertion and extraction operator?

Explain input and output operator?

Insertion operator:

Sign of the insertion operator is, <<.

Insertion operator is also knows as put to operation.

This operator is used with the keyword cout, which represents the standard output stream.

The insertion operator inserts (on sends) the contents of the variable on its right to the object on its left.

Example:

cout << string:

It displays the value of valuable string on the screen.

Extraction operator:

The sign of the extraction operator is >>.

This operator is also known as get from operator

This operator is used with cin, which represents the

Examples:

cin >> number1,

user inputs the value 45.5, which is stored in to the variable number1.

Is an input statement and cause the program to wait for the user to type in a number.

It extracts (or takes) the value from the keyboard and assigns it to the variable on its right.

Deference between call by value and call by deference.

Call by value	Call by reference.
In call by value mechanism we have to pass the variable as the argument to the function.	In call by reference mechanism we have to pass the reference of the variable as the argument to the function.
Syntax: return-type function-name (data-type variable-name) { . . . . . //function body}	Syntax: Return-type function-name (data-type & variable-name) { . . . . . //function body}
In call by value, if the value of the variable is change then it does not reflect to the original value of the variable.	In call by reference, if the value of the variable is change then it does reflect to the original value of the variable.
It creates the new set of variable for the function.	It does not create the new set of variable but the reference of the variable for the function.
Program occupies more memory if the call by value mechanism is used.	Program occupies less memory then the program uses the call by mechanism if the call by reference is used.

Explain reference variables? (2013)

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